Capitolo 4
Inizio: come avviare il programma

4.1 Avvio del simulatore

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Figura 4.1: Pronti al decollo – Avvio predefinito a Honolulu Intl., PHNL

I binari pre-costruiti per Windows sono dotati di una interfaccia grafica guidata per avviare FlightGear. è sufficiente fare doppio clic sulla voce del menu del FlightGear Launcher nella barra di Start o sull’icona sul desktop. Il programma di avvio consente di selezionare il vostro aereo, l’aeroporto di partenza e la pista, l’ora del giorno, le condizioni meteo, e un sacco di altre impostazioni.

Al primo avvio, verrà chiesto di impostare la variabile FG_ROOT (generalmente C:\Program Files\FlightGear 2020.4.0\data).

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Figura 4.2: Summary of the launcher settings – Click on Fly! to start

The launcher defaults to starting a flight with the Cessna 172P at the default airport, which depends on the FlightGear release. Simply press the Fly! button to start the simulator. Alternatively, if you want to change any of your starting settings, select from the buttons on the left.

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Figura 4.3: Aircraft Selection – Choose from a wide range of aircraft and download them automatically

You can change your aircraft by navigating to the Aircraft tab on the left of the window. FlightGear comes pre-installed with the Cessna 172P, and a UFO. To fly other aircraft, the easiest way is to add a default FlightGear hangar with hundreds of aircraft. To do this, in the Aircraft tab, click the Browse button and then the Add default hangar. The list will fill up with lots of aircraft. You may download any of the other aircraft listed simply by clicking on the Install button. You can also download aircraft from the official website and private hangars.

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Figura 4.4: Starting Position – Choose a starting position on the ground or in the air

Selecting Location allows you to select your starting position – tied down at a parking location, on the runway ready for take-off, on approach on an ILS approach, or relative to a VOR , FIX. By default, the current selected location is displayed. To select a completely different location, click the Back button and enter the name of where within the world you want to be.

FlightGear will automatically download any required scenery (assuming you have it selected in the Settings page).

The Environment page allows you to select the time of day and various parameters for weather modeling. You can choose to use the current real world weather conditions, or select a specific weather scenario such as a high pressure region, or a thunderstorm.

The Settings page allows you to select a variety of simulation settings, such as multiplayer, automatic scenery download and graphics options. Advanced options are available from Show More on the right.

Finally, the Add-ons page allows you to select different hangars of aircraft to download.

Once you are happy with your settings, click on the Fly! button to start the simulator.

4.2 Avvio dalla riga di comando

Ci sono due variabili d’ambiente che devono essere definite per eseguire FlightGear. Queste dicono a FlightGear dove trovare i dati e i paesaggi. è possibile impostarle in vari modi a seconda della piattaforma e delle proprie esigienze.

Note that doing such settings is not always necessary (for instance, if you compiled FlightGear yourself and passed -D FG_DATA_DIR:PATH=path to CMake, then your fgfs executable has this directory as its default FG_ROOT setting). However, if you are not using the built-in launcher and either FlightGear can’t find its base package or you want to add directories for custom scenery, then passing options --fg-root or --fg-scenery, or alternatively setting FG_ROOT or FG_SCENERY as environment variables, is likely to be helpful.

How to set environment variables largely depends on the operating system and the shell in use, if any. We’ll get into such platform-specific details after a few general comments on FG_ROOT and FG_SCENERY.

4.2.1 FG_ROOT

Questa variabile indica a FlightGear dove trovare i file dati come aerei, luoghi di navigazione, e frequenze aeroportuali. Di default è una sottodirectory della cartella di installazione di FlightGear, ad esempio /usr/local/share/FlightGear/data o C:\Program Files\FlightGear\data.

The contents of this directory comes directly from the FGData repository.1 If you have installed FlightGear from a binary distribution on Windows or macOS, the directory name should be data. It can also be called fgdata (typically, after cloning the FGData repository), but other names are possible: for instance, the flightgear-data-base package in Debian ships it as /usr/share/games/flightgear. This directory contains files such as version, defaults.xml and keyboard.xml as well as subdirectories such as Aircraft, Input and Nasal.

In order to run, FlightGear absolutely needs to know where to find this directory. Users of the built-in launcher are prompted to select it from the graphical interface if FlightGear hasn’t found it automatically. Unless the location recorded at compile-time points to a suitable directory, FlightGear command line users need to either set the FG_ROOT environment variable or pass the --fg-root option in order to specify an appropriate location (check that it has the aforementioned files and subdirectories).

If you are a user of the download_and_compile.sh script, the base data files are in install/flightgear/fgdata (relatively to the directory from which you ran the script), but you don’t need to use --fg-root nor to set FG_ROOT: the run_fgfs.sh script created by download_and_compile.sh automatically passes the --fg-root option to fgfs for you with the appropriate value.

In most Unix shell languages, $VAR can be thought of as “the value of variable VAR”. In explanations and documentation related to FlightGear, we often extend this notation a little bit. Typically, $FG_ROOT should be understood as “your FG_ROOT setting, regardless of the way FlightGear obtains it: compile time default, FG_ROOT environment variable or --fg-root option.”

The same kind of sloppy wording is sometimes applied to other settings such as FG_SCENERY to mean “the list of scenery paths FlightGear has been configured to use”, however this can get confusing. Indeed, the list of scenery paths considered by FlightGear is assembled from several things, including the values passed to --fg-scenery options and that of the FG_SCENERY environment variable, if set… value which is obtained via $FG_SCENERY in typical Unix shells!

4.2.2 FG_SCENERY

The scenery shown by FlightGear can be assembled from several places, and the whole is sometimes referred to as “FG_SCENERY”. This is however sloppy wording: FG_SCENERY is actually the name of an environment variable that may be used (but there are several other ways) to point FlightGear to some folders containing scenery. FlightGear can use scenery from folders listed in $FG_SCENERY as well as folders given to the --fg-scenery option, all in the same run.

The most straightforward way to obtain FlightGear scenery if you have a good Internet connection is TerraSync: with this piece of the FlightGear infrastructure, scenery for the relevant area is downloaded as you fly. TerraSync scenery is automatically updated when you fly again to the same place. FlightGear can also use folders containing scenery that isn’t managed by TerraSync; this is how “custom scenery” is used.

For users of the built-in launcher, enabling or disabling TerraSync is done under Downloads in the Settings tab: from there, you can enable or disable automatic scenery download and choose where the resulting files are stored (they can easily take up several gigabytes). Scenery directories not managed by TerraSync can be set in the Add-ons tab under Additional scenery folders.

For people who start FlightGear from the command line, TerraSync can be enabled or disabled with --enable-terrasync and --disable-terrasync. In order to choose where TerraSync stores the resulting files, you can use --download-dir or --terrasync-dir (if both are set, the latter takes precedence).

If you start FlightGear from the command line with the simple command fgfs --enable-terrasync, scenery will be downloaded to the default location:

This may be a good way to start FlightGear for the first time, if for some reason you don’t want to use its built-in launcher. In case you don’t have enough space in that location, simply specify another one using the --download-dir option.

Questa variabile indica a FlightGear dove cercare i file degli scenari. Si compone di una lista di directory che saranno controllate nell’ordine in cui sono scritte. Le directory sono separati da “:” in Unix e da “;” su Windows, ecco due esempi:

/home/joebloggs/my-fg-scenery:/home/joebloggs/.fgfs/TerraSync

o

D:\MyScenery;C:\Users\joebloggs\FlightGear\Downloads\TerraSync

If you want to use both TerraSync-managed scenery and custom scenery, it is generally advised to give the TerraSync directory as the last item, as in the above examples. This way, custom scenery can override TerraSync-managed scenery. Actually, unless it is already mentioned in $FG_SCENERY or via --fg-scenery, the TerraSync directory is automatically appended to the list of scenery paths used by FlightGear (and followed by $FG_ROOT/Scenery in case neither FG_SCENERY nor --fg-scenery specify anything).

4.2.3 Avvio del simulatore in ambiente Windows

In alternativa, è possibile eseguire FlightGear dalla riga di comando. Per fare questo, è necessario impostare le variabili FG_ROOT e FG_SCENERY manualmente.

Aprire il prompt dei comandi, passare alla directory in cui risiedono i binari di FlightGear (normalmente C:\Program Files\FlightGear\bin\Win32) E impostare le variabili d’ambiente digitando

C:
cd \Program Files\FlightGear\bin

Then try simply running fgfs. If it complains that it can’t find the “base data files”, you need to either pass the --fg-root option or set the FG_ROOT environment variable:

fgfs " --fg-root=C:\Program Files\FlightGear\data"

o

SET FG_ROOT="C:\Program Files\FlightGear\data"
fgfs

e richiamare FlightGear (all’interno dello stesso prompt dei comandi, dato che impostazioni d’ambiente sopra dichiarate ono valide solo localmente all’interno della stessa shell) tramite

fgfs --option1 --option2

Le opzioni della riga di comando sono descritte nel capitolo 4.4. Naturalmente, è possibile creare un file batch con un editor di testo di Windows (come notepad) utilizzando i comandi di cui sopra. Per le massime prestazioni si consiglia di ridurre al minimo (Iconize) la finestra di output di testo (il prompt) durante l’esecuzione del simulatore.

4.2.4 Avvio del simulatore in ambiente Unix/Linux

There are several cases to distinguish: if you used the download_and_compile.sh script to compile FlightGear, simply run the generated run_fgfs.sh script as if it were fgfs, giving it any of the options mentioned in section 4.4. In this case, don’t pass --fg-root to run_fgfs.sh: this is already handled inside the script.

We now assume that you have an fgfs executable that wasn’t obtained by running the download_and_compile.sh script. If you have compiled FlightGear yourself and passed -D FG_DATA_DIR:PATH=path to CMake where path tells where your FGData resides, then your fgfs executable has this directory as its default FG_ROOT setting; therefore, you don’t need to pass --fg-root nor to set the FG_ROOT environment variable: you can simply run the fgfs executable and give it any of the options mentioned in section 4.4.

In case the fgfs executable comes from your distribution, things may or may not be as in the previous paragraph. Try simply running fgfs. If it complains that it can’t find the “base data files”, you need to either pass the --fg-root option or set the FG_ROOT environment variable. Using the option is done this way:

fgfs --fg-root=/usr/share/games/flightgear

(replace /usr/share/games/flightgear with the directory containing your FGData files; the above value is only where Debian puts them). As with any shell command, use double or single quotes if the path contains spaces. An alternative to using the --fg-root option is to set the FG_ROOT environment variable. In Bourne-style shells, this can be done like so:

export FG_ROOT=/usr/share/games/flightgear

On the other hand, you would use something like this instead in C-style shells:

setenv FG_ROOT /usr/share/games/flightgear

Then simply run fgfs. In case you have custom scenery, you might also want to use the same technique to set FG_SCENERY (cf. section 4.2.2). Una volta impostate queste variabili d’ambiente, è sufficiente avviare FlightGear eseguendo

fgfs --option1 --option2

4.2.5 Avvio del simulatore in ambiente macOS

Su macOS è anche possibile avviare il simulatore dalla riga di comando. Per farlo, aprire Terminal.app (si trova in /Applications/Utilities) e digitare i seguenti comandi:

cd /Applications/FlightGear.app/Contents/MacOS
./fgfs --option1 --option2

Vedere il capitolo 4.4 per informazioni dettagliate sulle opzioni della riga di comando. A differenza delle altre piattaforme, non è necessario specificare manualmente le variabili di ambiente come FG_ROOT e FG_SCENERY se si utilizza un pacchetto binario precompilato.

4.3 fgfsrc configuration files

The FlightGear executable is called fgfs (fgfs.exe on Windows). This program accepts a large number of options which will be listed in section 4.4. One of these options, namely --launcher, has already been presented in section 4.1 and starts the FlightGear built-in launcher. When this option is used, one rarely needs to pass other options manually to fgfs, because most settings can be performed from the built-in launcher.

It is also possible to start FlightGear without going through its built-in launcher, i.e., without using the --launcher option. This is particularly useful when testing things that require one to restart FlightGear many times in the same or similar conditions. There are also external launchers which work this way, calling the fgfs executable with all kinds of options, except --launcher.

The rest of this section goes into some details and is safe to skip if you are starting with FlightGear, especially if you use its built-in launcher.

When FlightGear (or rather, the fgfs executable) is started without the --launcher option, it tries to read options from a well-defined set of configuration files before processing the options passed as arguments to fgfs. These configuration files are fgfsrc in a location described in table 4.1, as well as .fgfsrc and .fgfsrc.⟨hostnameas explained in table 4.2. If you have options that you very often use, you can create one of these files and put the options there, one per line. Then you don’t need to explicitly pass them to fgfs anymore. Such files can be created with any text editor (Notepad, Emacs, vi, etc.). If you don’t know whether to create an fgfsrc or .fgfsrc file, we suggest the former: its expected location is tidier and its name not starting with a dot can make things easier in some situations.

Operating system

Where fgfsrc is looked fora

Windows

%APPDATA%\flightgear.org (typically: C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming\flightgear.org on Vista or later, otherwise C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data\flightgear.org)

macOS

~/Library/Application Support/FlightGear

Unix/Linux

~/.fgfs

a That is, unless FG_HOME is set, in which case fgfsrc is looked for in the corresponding location; however, doing so is not advised unless you have a good reason.

Tabella 4.1: Location of the fgfsrc configuration file

Operating system Where .fgfsrc and .fgfsrc.⟨hostnameare looked for
Windows %USERPROFILE% (typically: C:\Users\username)
macOS $HOME (typically: /Users/username)
Unix/Linux $HOME (typically: /home/username)
Tabella 4.2: Location of the .fgfsrc and .fgfsrc.⟨hostnameconfiguration files

As the order of fgfs options can matter, let’s be a bit more explicit about it. If --launcher has been passed, configuration files specified with the --config option are first processed, followed by other options from the command line. Otherwise, options are processed in the following order:

There can be exceptions, but usually, options that are processed later override those processed earlier.

The fgfsrc, .fgfsrc, .fgfsrc.⟨hostnameand non-XML files loaded with --config all obey the same syntax rules: they should have one fgfs option per line. Lines starting with a # character are treated as comments, i.e. they are ignored. Each option found outside a comment line is treated as if it had been passed as an argument to the fgfs executable.

4.4 Parametri della riga di comando

Di seguito è riportato un elenco completo e una breve descrizione delle numerose opzioni della riga di comando disponibili per FlightGear. La maggior parte di queste opzioni è impostabile anche attraverso i binari precompilati di FlightGear. Se si dispone di opzioni che si utilizzano spesso, è possibile creare un file di preferenze contenente una serie di opzioni della riga di comando che verranno impostate automaticamente. è possibile creare il file con qualsiasi editor di testo (per esempio: blocco note, emacs, vi).

4.4.1 Values for options

Some options don’t require a value, such as --help, but there are options for which you should specify a value, such as --fg-root, as well as there are options for which you can optionally specify a value, such as for --launcher. You can separate the value from the option with either the = sign or a space, such as:

--fg-root=/path/to/fgdata
--fg-root /path/to/fgdata

In this manual, we always use the = character.

Options that act like an enable/disable switch take optional values as true, 1, yes (enable) or false, 0, no (disable). If you don’t specify any value next to such an option, it will work by default as if you passed true, 1 or yes, i.e. enabled it, e.g: --launcher will enable launcher, which is equivalent to --launcher=yes.

On the other hand, you can also pass a value that disables the option, e.g.: --launcher=no, which will cause the launcher not to be run.

In addition, most of such options have two additional versions without a value, but preceded by the prefix enable- and disable- e.g.: --enable-launcher will also enable the launcher.

4.4.2 Opzioni generali

4.4.3 Caratteristiche

4.4.4 Suono

4.4.5 Aerei

4.4.6 Modello di volol

4.4.7 Posizione iniziale e orientamento

4.4.8 Opzioni d’ambiente

4.4.9 Opzioni di rendering

4.4.10 Opzioni HUD

4.4.11 Opzioni di sistema degli aeromobili

4.4.12 Opzioni di tempo

4.4.13 Opzioni di rete

4.4.14 Opzioni percorso/tappe

4.4.15 Opzioni IO

NB: Queste opzioni sono piuttosto orientate all’utente avanzato che sa quello che sta facendo.

Descrizioni più dettagliate dei vari parametri IO possono essere trovate nel file README.IO presente all’interno della directory Docs nella cartella d’installazione di FlightGear.

4.4.16 Opzioni di debug

NB: Queste opzioni sono piuttosto orientate all’utente avanzato che sa quello che sta facendo.

4.5 Supporto per il joystick

Riuscite a immaginare un pilota nel suo Cessna che lo controlla soltanto con una tastiera? Per ottenere la giusta sensazione di volo servono un joystick e una pedaliera!

FlightGear ha integrato il supporto per il joystick, che rileva automaticamente qualsiasi joystick o pedaliera collegati. Basta collegare la periferica e avviare il simulatore.

Si può vedere la configurazione per l’utilizzo del joystick andando nel menù Guida Configurazione Joystick. Questa finestra mostra il nome del vostro joystick, e la funzione abbinata a ciascun pulsante/asse di controllo. è possibile premere un tasto o muovere il joystick per vedere esattamente la sua funzione e modificarla. In caso di modifiche, la configurazione ha effetto immediato e sarà salvata per tutti i prossimi voli.

Se si dispone di un joystick comune, ci sono molte probabilità che qualcuno abbia già istituito una configurazione specifica di FlightGear per esso, e si può semplicemente iniziare a volare!.

1https://sourceforge.net/p/flightgear/fgdata/ci/next/tree/